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THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 

6^0.7 


I 


Wtt 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  315 


BY  C.  L.  STEWART.  L.  J.  NORTON.  AND  L.  F.  RICKEY 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  SEPTEMBER,  1928 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

SCOPE  AM)  METHOD  OF  STUDY 65 

DIRECTION  OF  PRINCIPAL  MOVEMENTS  OF  GRAIN 60 

M  AKKETS  ['SKI) 69 

Northern  Di.-lricf 69 

Central  District 69 

Southern  District 70 

Western  District 71 

FACTORS  INFLUENCING  CHOICK  OF  MARKETS 71 

Railroad  Rates 74 

Lake  Transportation  Costs SO 

Mississippi  River  Transportation  Costs 81 

Factors  Other  Than  Transportation  Costs 82 

AREAS  FROM  WHICH  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  DREW  GRAIN,  1923  TO  1926 83 

Chicago  Dominates  the  Market  in  Northern  Illinois 83 

St.  Louis  Ranks  Second  as  Market  for  Illinois  Grain <X4 

Indianapolis  Draws  Grain  From  Eastern  Illinois 85 

Manufacturing  Plants  at  Peoria  Attract  Grain 85 

Corn-Products  Plant  Chief  Factor  at  Decatur 86 

Lockport  Draws  Oats  From  Northern  Illinois 86 

Movements  to  Other  Market  Points  in  Illinois 86 

Southern  Markets  Furnish  Important  Outlet  for  Oats 87 

Corn  Chief  Grain  Sent  to  Eastern  Markets 87 

Northern  and  Western  Points  Attract  Little  Grain 88 

CHANGES  IN  MARKETS  FROM   1923  TO  1926 88 

COMPARISON  OF  MARKETS  USED  BY  FARMERS  AND  PRIVATELY  OWNED 

ELEVATORS,  1923  TO  1926 90 

CHANGES  IN  MARKETS  BETWEEN  1912-1917  AND  1923-1926 93 

SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSIONS 98 

APPENDIX.  .                           99 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF 
ILLINOIS  GRAIN 

Bv  C.  L.  STEWART,  L.  J.  NORTON,  AND  L.  F.  RICKEY' 

Illinois  farmers  market  more  grain  than  do  the  farmers  of  any 
other  state.  The  movement  of  this  grain  which  figures  directly  or  in- 
directly in  the  food  consumption  of  this  country  and  of  other  countries 
is  a  proper  subject  of  understanding  by  producers,  dealers,  and  con- 
sumers alike.  Farmers  in  particular,  it  is  believed,  will  be  interested 
in  knowing  to  what  markets  their  products  move  after  they  are  pur- 
chased by  the  country  elevators,  for  such  information  is  needed  by 
producers  for  an  intelligent  understanding  of  the  problems  involved 
in  the  marketing  of  their  product. 

The  present  study  follows  the  three  leading  grains  to  their  first 
market  destinations  and  deals  with  final  destinations  only  in  so  far  as 
the  first  markets  happen  also  to  be  the  final  markets.  While  this 
study  may  therefore  be  considered  only  an  approach  to  the  general 
subject  of  the  routes  which  Illinois  grains  take  from  the  points  of 
their  production  to  the  points  where  they  are  consumed,  it  will  be 
found  to  throw  considerable  new  light  on  the  direction  of  the  move- 
ments of  Illinois  grain  out  of  the  state  in  addition  to  being  a  fairly 
complete  picture  of  internal  movements. 

Before  proceeding  with  the  details  of  the  present  study  it  will  be 
of  interest  to  note  the  position  of  Illinois  in  the  broader  geography  of 
grain  marketing. 

Government  estimates  for  the  five  years  1922  to  1926  indicate 
that  37  percent  of  the  corn  produced  in  Illinois  was  shipped  out  of  the 
county  where  it  was  grown.  Comparative  -  res  for  other  leading 
corn-producing  states  are:  Nebraska.  28  percent;  Kansas.  26  percent: 
and  South  Dakota,  Iowa,  and  Indiana,  each  24  percent.  Iowa,  the 
only  state  which  exceeds  Illinois  in  volume  of  corn  produced,  sends  to 
market  both  a  smaller  proportion  and  a  smaller  total  amount,  The 
fact  that  Illinois  markets  such  a  large  proportion  of  such  a  large  total 
production  makes  it  the  leading  state  in  volume  of  corn  market  t 

During  the  same  period  Illinois  shipped  43  percent  of  her  oats  out 
of  the  counties  where  grown,  and  again  there  were  only  five  other 
states  that  shipped  out  20  percent  or  more  of  their  production:  namely, 
Indiana,  37  percent;   Iowa.  36  percent :   Eolith   Dakota,  31   pcr< 
Ohio,  30  percent;  and  Minnesota.  28  percent.     Iowa  and  Mini;' 
both  produce  more  oats  than  Illinois,  but  they  ship  out  a  smaller 
quantity. 

1C.  L.  Stewart,   Chief   in   Agricultural   Economics;    L.   ,1. 

Chief  in  Agricultural  Economics;  and  L.  E.  Rick'  m  Market- 

ing Technology.  Agronomy. 

63 


64 


BULLETIN  No.  315 


[September, 


ZOO  300 

Millions   of   bushels 


flveroge  annual  production  and  marketings  of  corn, 
10  leading  states,  19£«-I9Z6 


Millions  of  bushels 


flveraqe  annual  production  and  marketings  of  oats, 
9  leading  states,  I32Z-I9Z6 


CHU  Production 
I  Quantity  shipped  from 
county  where  grown 


Millions  of  bushels 


flverage  annual  production  and  marketings 
of  wheat,  8  leading  states,  1923-1926 


300  400 

Millions     of     bushels 

Production  and  marketing  of  corn,  oats,  and  wheat  combined  jrv 
10  leading  states,  1922-1326 

FIG.  1. — POSITION  OF  ILLINOIS  AS  A  GRAIN  MARKETING  STATE 
Illinois  leads  all  other  states  in  quantity  of  grain  marketed  altho  led  by 
Iowa  in  total  production.  From  1922  to  1926  Illinois  led  in  quantity  of  corn 
marketed,  was  second  in  oats,  and  fifth  in  wheat.  (Charts  based  on  data  from 
U.  S.  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics,  Division  of  Crop  and  Livestock  Es- 
timates.) 

When  it  comes  to  wheat,  however,  Illinois  ranks  lowest  among 
the  seven  leading  wheat-producing  states  in  the  amount  sent  into 


IMS]  MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OK  ILLINOIS  GRAIN  65 

market  channels  from  the  counties  where  grown,  shipping  69  percent 
to  market,  while  North  Dakota  sends  80  percent;  Kansas,  79  percent; 
Washington  and  Oklahoma,  77  percent  each;  Nebraska,  76  percent; 
and  Montana,  75  percent. 

The  above  percentages  for  Illinois  are  much  above  the  national 
averages,  which  stand  at  19  percent  for  corn,  26  percent  for  oats,  and 
64  percent  for  wheat.  Stated  in  another  way,  6  percent  of  the  wheat 
in  the  United  States  sent  into  market  channels  originated  in  Illinois. 
The  corresponding  percentage  in  the  case  of  oats  is  17,  corn^tfy  and 
all  three  combined,  15.  <£*r 

The  tendency  of  Illinois  farmers  to  market  a  relatively  large  pro- 
portion of  their  feed  grains  rather  than  to  retain  them  for  local  use 
is  in  response  to  economic  advantages  which  the  state  enjoys  in  mar- 
keting as  well  as  in  production.  Illinois,  besides  having  a  large  area 
of  land  with  favorable  topography  and  fertile  soils,  making  high  yields 
and  low  production  costs  possible,  is  more  favorably  situated  for  sup- 
plying the  feed  grains  and  their  products  to  the  states  to  the  north- 
east and  southeast  than  are  other  portions  of  the  corn  belt  having  the 
same  natural  features  of  soil,  climate,  and  topography. 

The  situation  with  respect  to  wheat  is  somewhat  different,  Altho 
Illinois  stands  third  among  the  states  in  production,  she  stands  sixth 
in  the  amount  sent  into  market  channels.  The  practice  of  using  wheat 
in  local  mills  in  certain  parts  of  the  state,  so  that  flour  rather  than 
wheat  moves  out  of  the  community,  may  in  part  account  for  this  situ- 
ation. 

When  the  combined  totals  for  corn,  oats,  and  wheat  are  consid- 
ered, we  have  an  estimate  of  215  million  bushels  as  the  yearly  aver- 
age of  these  grains  shipped  out  of  Illinois  counties  during  the  five 
years  1922  to  1926.  Iowa  shipped  out  90  percent  as  much  as  Illinois ; 
Kansas,  60  percent  as  much;  Nebraska,  47  percent;  North  Dakota,  45 
percent;  Minnesota,  42  percent;  Indiana,  37  percent;  South  Dakota. 
33  percent;  Ohio,  30  percent;  and  Oklahoma,  23  percent. 


SCOPE  AND  METHOD  OF  STUDY 

Grain  moves  from  Illinois  country  points  to  many  markets.  The>e 
markets  vary  for  the  different  grains,  vary  widely  in  different  parts  of 
the  state,  and  also  shift  from  year  to  year.  The  Illinois  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station  commenced  in  July,  1925,  to  collect  facts  regard- 
ing this  problem.  This  information  has  been  carefully  analyzed  and 
the  results  of  the  study  to  date  arc  presented  here.  Men  closely  con- 
nected with  the  grain  trade  are  familiar  with  these  facts,  but  there  are 
many  people,  farmers  and  others  interested  in  the  marketing  of  grain. 
who  are  not  so  familiar  with  them. 


66  BULLETIN  Xo.  315  [September, 

The  grain  shipping  records  of  about  350  Illinois  elevators  for  the 
two  years  July,  1923,  to  June,  1925,  and  about  175  for  the  year  July, 
1925,  to  June,  1926,  were  analyzed.  The  information  for  the  first  two 
years  was  obtained  in  part  by  personal  interviews  by  representatives 
of  the  Illinois  Station  and  in  part  by  questionnaires  sent  to  all  ele- 
vators in  the  state.  The  statistics  for  1925-26  were  obtained  entirely 
by  questionnaires.  This  accounts  for  the  smaller  number  of  elevators 
from  which  information  was  secured,  the  number  of  elevators  sending 
in  written  reports  being  about  the  same  each  year. 

For  convenience  in  summarizing,  the  state  was  divided  into  four 
districts:  (1)  northern,  including  points  north  of  Peoria,  El  Paso, 
Oilman,  and  Sheldon;  (2)  central,  including  points  between  these  and 
Jacksonville,  Springfield,  Decatur.  and  Mattoon;  (3)  southern,  includ- 
ing the  region  south  of  this  latter  group  of  points :  (4)  western,  in- 
cluding all  points  west  of  the  Illinois  river  and  south  of  Peoria.  These 
divisions  are  shown  in  Fig.  2. 

The  relative  importance  of  different  cities  and  market  areas  as 
markets  for  grain  from  different  parts  of  Illinois  during  these  three 
years  is  shown  in  Fig.  2  and  Tables  1  to  3.  More  detailed  figures  are 
given  in  the  Appendix,  Tables  9  to  16.  The  distribution  as  described 
here  is  based  on  information  from  the  reporting  elevators.  If  figures 
had  been  obtained  from  every  elevator,  the  distribution  might  be 
somewhat,  tho  probably  not  significantly,  different.  The  destinations 
given  are,  in  general,  the  first  destinations  to  which  the  grain  was 
shipped,  altho  in  a  few  cases  final  destinations  were  obtained.  As  the 
greater  portion  of  the  shipments  was  made  to  distributing  rather  than 
to  consuming  markets,  only  the  general  direction  of  the  movement  is 
indicated. 

DIRECTION  OF  PRINCIPAL  MOVEMENTS  OF  GRAIN 

Corn.  The  two  major  channels  for  the  movement  of  corn  were 
to  the  north  and  east,  largely,  altho  not  entirely,  thru  Chicago  and  to 
local  manufacturing  centers,  with  a  movement  of  lesser  importance 
toward  the  south.  For  the  state  as  a  whole  Chicago  was  the  leading 
market,  with  Decatur.  Indianapolis,  Peoria,  and  St.  Louis  leading 
competitors;  and  points  in  the  states  of  Ohio.  Michigan,  and  Indiana 
outside  of  Indianapolis  made  up  an  important  secondary  market  outlet. 

Chicago  was  the  outstanding  market  for  shipments  from  the 
northern  district.  Chicago,  Decatur.  Indianapolis,  Peoria,  and  St. 
Louis  shared  the  shipments  from  the  central  district,  while  St.  Louis 
was  the  principal  market  for  the  southern,  and  Peoria  for  the  western 
district. 

Oats.  There  were  also  two  major  movements  of  oats:  to  the 
north  and  east  largely  thru  Chicago:  and  to  the  south,  in  part  directly 


IMS] 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  (lu.UN 


67 


TABLE   1.  —  PROPORTION  OF  CORN  SHIPPED  TO  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  FROM  FOUR 
DISTRICTS  OF  ILLINOIS  AND  FROM  ENTIRE  STATE, 
JULY,  1923,  TO  JUNE, 


(Percentage  of  cars  to  each  market) 


Market  or  market  area 

District  of  state1 

State 

Northern 

Cent!    1 

Southern 

'•'••     • 

Chicago  

69.8 

6.0 
8.6 
1.1 
5.0 

.2 
.8 
.1 
0.3 
.6 
1  .  fi 

21.1 
24  .  f, 
15.7 
11.0 
13.2 
4.8 

0  .    f 

2.4 

' 

5 

6    - 
16.1 

IS   1 
13.8 

10.1 
4.4 
1.5 

- 

20  .  o 
1 
70.2 
1.9 

".i 

f.  .  2 

37  ^ 

16..'. 
12.6 

•1     v 

10.1 
3     ! 

2.8 

1.4 

4.2 
.  ."> 
B 

St.  Louis  

Other  Illinois  points  

Michigan  and  Ohio  points.    .    . 

Other  eastern  points  

Total  

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

'See  Fig.  2  for  territory  included  in  each  district. 


TABLE  2. — PROPORTION  OF  OATS  SHIPPED  TO  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  FROM  FOUR 

DISTRICTS  OF  ILLINOIS  AND  FROM  ENTIRE  STATE, 

JULY,  1923,  TO  JUNE,  1926 

(Percentage  of  cars  to  each  market  1 


Market  or  market  . 


Distric*  of  thi     tati 


Northern     Central 


Chicago  ~>7 

8 

12 

7 

7 

- 

•' 

7 

;i 

3 

Lockport   .    .                                                                        It' 

3 

4 

Peoria  4 

1 

4 

1 

36 

• 

5 

6 

1 

13 

8 

Indianapolis.            .         .                                                     4 

q 

X 

- 

Cairo  .         .    . 

12 

17 

7 

• 

7 

Memphis  1 

•> 

12 

7 

1 

1 

- 

Nashville  

'. 

•' 

1 

: 

4 

1 

7 

Other  Illinois  points  2 

i 

1 

2 

3 

Other  Indiana  points.  .  . 

2 

• 

4 

Michigan  and  Ohio  points 

1 

1 

1 

4 

Other  eastern  points  

V 

Northern  and  western  points  .  . 

4 

Stal 


Total. 


100.0 


Fig.  2  for  territory  included  in  each  district. 

TABLE  3. — PROPORTION  OF  WHEAT  SHIPPED  TO  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  FROM  FOUR 

DISTRICTS  OF  ILLINOIS  AND  FROM  ENTIRE  STATE, 

JULY,  1923,  TO  JUNE,  192F, 

(Percentage  of  cars  to  each  m  •: 


Market  or  mi 

Northern 

: 

Chicago  

1.0 
.6 
.1 

.1 

lit!  4 

.4 

.  7 
14.8 

.'.1 

.2 

St.  Louis  

Indianapolis 

Peoria  

Other  Illinois  points  ... 

Other  Indiana  points 

Points  south  of  Ohio  river     .    . 

Points  east  of  Indianapolis  

Total  

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

'See  Fig.  2  for  territory  included  in  each  district. 


66  BUU.KTIX  Xo.  315  [September, 

The  grain  shipping  records  of  about  350  Illinois  elevators  for  the 
two  years  July,  1923,  to  June,  1925,  and  about  175  for  the  year  July, 
1925,  to  June,  1926,  were  analyzed.  The  information  for  the  first  two 
years  was  obtained  in  part  by  personal  interviews  by  representatives 
of  the  Illinois  Station  and  in  part  by  questionnaires  sent  to  all  ele- 
vators in  the  state.  The  statistics  for  1925-26  were  obtained  entirely 
by  questionnaires.  This  accounts  for  the  smaller  number  of  elevators 
from  which  information  was  secured,  the  number  of  elevators  sending 
in  written  reports  being  about  the  same  each  year. 

For  convenience  in  summarizing,  the  state  was  divided  into  four 
districts:  (1)  northern,  including  points  north  of  Peoria,  El  Paso, 
Oilman,  and  Sheldon;  (2)  central,  including  points  between  these  and 
Jacksonville,  Springfield,  Decatur,  and  Mattoon;  (3)  southern,  includ- 
ing the  region  south  of  this  latter  group  of  points:  (4)  western,  in- 
cluding all  points  west  of  the  Illinois  river  and  south  of  Peoria.  These 
divisions  are  shown  in  Fig.  2. 

The  relative  importance  of  different  cities  and  market  areas  as 
markets  for  grain  from  different  parts  of  Illinois  during  these  three 
years  is  shown  in  Fig.  2  and  Tables  1  to  3.  More  detailed  figures  are 
given  in  the  Appendix,  Tables  9  to  16.  The  distribution  as  described 
here  is  based  on  information  from  the  reporting  elevators.  If  figures 
had  been  obtained  from  every  elevator,  the  distribution  might  be 
somewhat,  tho  probably  not  significantly,  different.  The  destinations 
given  are,  in  general,  the  first  destinations  to  which  the  grain  was 
shipped,  altho  in  a  few  cases  final  destinations  were  obtained.  As  the 
greater  portion  of  the  shipments  was  made  to  distributing  rather  than 
to  consuming  markets,  only  the  general  direction  of  the  movement  is 
indicated. 

DIRECTION  OF  PRINCIPAL  MOVEMENTS  OF  GRAIN 

Corn.  The  two  major  channels  for  the  movement  of  corn  were 
to  the  north  and  east,  largely,  altho  not  entirely,  thru  Chicago  and  to 
local  manufacturing  centers,  with  a  movement  of  leaser  importance 
toward  the  south.  For  the  state  as  a  whole  Chicago  was  the  leading 
market,  with  Decatur,  Indianapolis,  Peoria.  and  St.  Louis  leading 
competitors;  and  points  in  the  states  of  Ohio.  Michigan,  and  Indiana 
outside  of  Indianapolis  made  up  an  important  secondary  market  outlet. 

Chicago  was  the  outstanding  market  for  shipments  from  the 
northern  district.  Chicago,  Decatur.  Indianapolis,  Peoria,  and  St. 
Louis  shared  the  shipments  from  the  central  district,  while  St.  Louis 
was  the  principal  market  for  the  southern,  and  Peoria  for  the  western 
district. 

Oats.  There  were  also  two  major  movements  of  oats:  to  the 
north  and  east  largely  thru  Chicago;  and  to  the  south,  in  part  directly 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  (lu.u.v 


67 


TABLE  1. — PROPORTION  OF  CORN  SHIPPED  TO  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  FROM  FOUR 

DISTRICTS  OF  ILLINOIS  AND  FROM  ENTIRE  STATE, 

JULY,  1923,  TO  JUNE,  1920 

(Percentage  of  cars  to  each  market) 


Market  or  market  area 

District  of  M 

.State 

Northern 

Central 

Southern 

Western 

Chicago  

69  .  S 
6.0 
8.6 
1.1 
5.0 
.2 

.8 

.1 
6.3 
.6 
1.6 

21.1' 

24  .  6 
15.7 
11.0 
13.2 
4.8 
3.7 
2.4 
3.0 
.  ."> 

16.8 

16.1 

.  f  ') 

32.  ti 
13.  S 
10.1 
4.4 
1.5 
:;  s 

•20.  r> 
.<> 

70.2 
1.9 

'.i 

«    2 

5 

37  .  x 
16..r. 
12.6 
9.8 
10.1 
3  .  S 
2.8 
1.4 
4.2 
• 

.6 

Decatur  

Peoria  

Southern  points  

Other  Indiana  points  

Michigan  and  Ohio  points  

Northern  and  western  points.  ... 

Total..  ...... 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

'See  Fig.  2  for  territory  included  in  each  district. 


TABLE  2. — PROPORTION  OF  OATS  SHIPPED  TO  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  FROM  FOUR 

DISTRICTS  OF  ILLINOIS  AND  FROM  ENTIRE  STATE, 

JULY,  1923,  TO  JUNE,  1926 

(Percentage  of  cars  to  each  market) 


Market  or  market  area 


District  of  the    bate1 


Northern      Central      Southern      Western 


Chicago  

:>7  .  s 

12.2 

4.7 

2."..  7 

.- 

Decatur  

2 

7   !< 

3  1) 

Lockport  .    .    . 

16.3 

9.  ! 

4   1 

4   2 

j 

3t>   f. 

5  .  2 

r>   6 

39   " 

•  >(,    ! 

13  x 

Indianapolis  .             .    . 

4.9 

X    |i 

9.8 

Cairo  

2.7 

1  2  .  f, 

17.7 

6.7 

Memphis  

1   2 

r>  3 

7    1 

1  .3 

Nashville  

r,  1) 

:.  2 

1.2 

2.4 

Other  southern  points  

• 

2.6 

1.2 

2.7 

Other  Illinois  points    .  .  . 

2   1 

2  " 

1    9 

2  .  :; 

Other  Indiana  points  

2 

- 

1.4 

Michigan  and  Ohio  points  

3.1 

1  r. 

.  1 

2.4 

8 

1 

Northern  and  western  points  .  . 

.  :> 

•  > 

.4 

State 


Total. 


100.0 


100.0 


'See  Fig.  2  for  territory  included  in  each  district. 

TABLE  3. — PROPORTION  OF  WHEAT  SHIPPED  TO  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  FROM  FOUR 

DISTRICTS  OF  ILLINOIS  AND  FROM  ENTIRE  STATE, 

JULY,  1923,  TO  JUNE,  192<'. 

(Percentage  of  cars  to  each  market) 


...                      . 

Northern 

Chicago  

7 

70.3 

49.9 

St.  Louis  

2.6 

19.x 

42.3 

• 

Indianapolis  

]  (i 

.  7 

. 

Peoria  

6 

.9 

Other  Illinois  points 

.1 

3  (i 

19.4 

11.  x 

x.l 

Other  Indiana  points  

.9 

2.7 

Points  south  of  Ohio  river 

Points  east  of  Indianapolis 

.  1 

4 

.2 

Total  

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

11X1    0 

'See  Fig.  2  for  territory  included  in  each  district. 


70  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September. 

ated  on  the  southern  edge  of  the  surplus-corn  section,  this  district  has  a 
favored  location  for  direct  shipments  of  corn  to  points  in  southern 
states.  Naturally  its  shipments  have  a  wide  distribution. 

Corn.  The  leading  markets  used  for  corn  were  Chicago,  Decatur, 
Peoria  (including  Pekin),  St.  Louis,  and  Indianapolis.  During  the 
years  beginning  July,  1923,  and  July,  1925,  Decatur  received  more 
corn  from  reporting  elevators  than  any  other  market,  but  during  the 
intervening  year  was  led  by  Chicago.  The  increase  in  shipments  to 
Chicago,  from  a  little  less  than  one-sixth  of  the  total  during  the  first 
year  to  over  one-fourth  the  next,  illustrates  how  the  relative  import- 
ance of  a  market  may  vary  from  year  to  year.  Total  shipments  of 
corn  were  some  20  percent  larger  during  the  second  year. 

In  addition  to  these  five  major  markets  corn  was  shipped  to  a 
number  of  other  points,  the  more  important  being  Springfield,  Bloom- 
ington  and  Champaign,  111.;  Louisville,  Ky.;  Memphis,  Tenn.;  Sike- 
ston,  Mo.;  New  Orleans,  La.;  Evansville  and  Terre  Haute,  Ind.;  in- 
terior points  in  Ohio  and  Michigan,  and  to  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  There  was 
little  direct  shipment  to  feeders  and  local  feed  stores  in  Illinois  or  to 
points  in  the  East  except  Buffalo. 

Oats.  St.  Louis,  the  largest  receiver  of  oats  from  this  part  of  the 
state,  drew  from  one-sixth  to  one-fourth  of  the  reported  shipments 
during  different  years.  Four  southern  markets — Cairo,  111.,  Louisville, 
Ky.,  and  Memphis  and  Nashville,  Tenn. — received  from  25  to  40 
percent  and  Chicago  from  6  to  18  percent  of  the  total  shipments. 
Decatur  and  Indianapolis  were  other  markets  of  less  importance. 

Wheat.  Chicago,  receiving  nearly  80  percent  of  the  shipments  in 
1923  and  1924  and  a  little  over  one-half  in  1925,  was  the  most  im- 
portant market,  with  St.  Louis  second  and  Indianapolis  of  less  im- 
portance. A  few  other  points  received  small  shipments  of  wheat.  The 
wheat  of  this  district  is  largely  hard  or  mixed  and  much  of  it  is  ex- 
ported. 

Southern  District 

A  large  number  of  the  reports  for  1923-1925  were  obtained  from 
the  northwestern  part  of  this  district,  which  is  very  accessible  to  St. 
Louis,  altho  a  good  sample  was  included  from  the  grain  shipping  area 
along  the  Wabash  river,  together  with  a  few  reports  from  other  parts. 
St.  Louis  is  the  important  market  for  stations  that  have  favorable 
rates,  but  the  presence  of  nearby  deficit  regions  to  the  south  and  east 
causes  grain  shipments  to  be  scattered  rather  widely. 

Corn.  St.  Louis  was  the  principal  market  for  corn,  about  one- 
third  of  the  reported  shipments  going  there.  Chicago,  Decatur,  and 
Indianapolis  were  other  important  markets,  and  some  corn  was 
shipped  to  other  points  in  Illinois,  to  Louisville  and  Nashville  and  into 
southern  Ohio.  Shipments  per  elevator  were  75  percent  larger  during 


MAKKKT  DESTINATIONS  OF  II.LINOIS  GRAIN  71 

1924-25,  when  prices  were  high,  than  during  the  previous  year.  A  con- 
siderable part  of  this  increase  went  to  Chicago,  shipments  to  that  point 
increasing  from  about  one-tenth  of  the  total  in  1923-24  to  nearly  one- 
fourth  in  1924-25. 

Oats.  The  largest  market  for  oats  was  St.  Louis,  the  balance 
being  shipped  to  southern  points  or  into  Indiana. 

Wheat.  The  wheat  is  largely  soft  red  winter.  The  principal 
markets  were  St.  Louis,  mills  at  interior  points  in  southern  Illinois  and 
Indiana,  and  southern  points,  particularly  Nashville,  Tenn.  Relatively 
small  shipments  were  made  to  Indianapolis  and  practically  none  to 
points  east  of  Indiana. 

Western  District 

Peoria  was  the  most  important  single  market  for  corn  and  oats  in 
this  district,  receiving  about  70  percent  of  the  corn  and  nearly  40  per- 
cent of  the  oats.  The  other  important  outlet  for  corn  was  Chicago, 
which  received  20  percent  of  the  shipments,  while  the  balance  of 
the  oats  was  about  equally  divided  between  Chicago  and  St.  Louis. 
Wheat  went  to  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  in  approximately  equal  quan- 
tities, with  smaller  shipments  to  Illinois  mills  and  to  Peoria.  This  sec- 
tion shipped  more  corn  to  small  points  than  did  the  others,  the 
products  going  largely  to  elevators  in  cattle-feeding  sections.  How- 
ever, the  reported  shipments  to  such  points  made  up  only  about  5  per- 
cent of  the  total. 

FACTORS  INFLUENCING  CHOICE  OF  MARKETS 

Many  factors  influence  the  choice  of  markets  by  a  country  ele- 
vator, but  in  general  the  shipments  are  made  to  the  markets  that  can 
pay  the  highest  price  because  (1)  strong  demands  exist  in  the  con- 
suming or  deficit  area  served,  and  (2)  transportation  costs  are  less  to 
that  market.  In  general,  grain  tends  to  move  from  surplus  to  deficit 
areas  by  the  most  economical  route.  Competition  of  marketing  agencies 
located  on  alternative  routes  to  a  particular  consuming  territory 
works  to  this  end,  the  market  with  the  most  favorable  combination  of 
rates  and  handling  costs  being  able  to  draw  the  grain  thru  the  route 
on  which  it  is  located.  The  movement  may  be  modified  by  the  char- 
acter of  the  facilities  for  handling  grain  on  the  different  routes,  a  mar- 
ket with  a  large  storage  capacity  having  advantages  in  handling  a 
seasonably  marketed  product  which  a  market  more  poorly  supplied 
would  not  have.  In  the  long  run,  however,  markets  otherwise  favora- 
bly located  for  handling  a  given  product  tend  to  acquire  storage  and 
transfer  facilities  that  will  enable  them  to  function  to  advantage. 

The  location  of  mills  using  a  product  as  raw  material  also  in- 
fluences market  movements.  Location  of  such  mills  will  be  influenced 


72  BULLETIN  Xo.  315  [September, 

not  only  by  the  relative  economy  of  bringing  in  raw  materials  and 
distributing  finished  products  but  also  by  the  relative  manufacturing 
costs  at  different  sites  as  influenced  by  water  power,  cost  of  electric 
power,  water  supply,  labor  supply  and  other  factors. 

The  marketing  channels  created  by  these  factors  are  not  rigid 
or  unchanging,  for  transportation  costs  vary  from  time  to  time  and 
local  variations  in  production  cause  shifts  in  the  location  of  surplus 
areas  and  in  the  needs  of  deficit  areas.  A  few  examples  will  illustrate 
this  point.  (1)  Where  a  water  route  is  available  only  a  portion  of  the 
year,  transportation  costs  vary  between  the  different  seasons  of  the 
year;  and  (2)  an  abundant  production  of  feed  crops  in  the  South  re- 
duces the  necessity  of  bringing  in  corn  and  oats  in  the  usual  volume, 
and  tends  to  reduce  the  movement  of  grain  in  that  direction,  while  a 
crop  failure  in  the  South  has  the  opposite  influence. 

These  changing  conditions  are  reflected  in  the  net  prices  that  can 
be  realized  in  the  different  competing  markets.  While  Illinois  is  not 
the  most  eastern  of  the  corn-belt  states,  it  is  the  most  eastern  state 
shipping  corn  in  large  quantities.  Consequently  Illinois  has  an  ad- 
vantage in  supplying  the  corn  and  corn-products  requirements  of  the 
large  consuming  area  toward  the  east,  both  north  and  south.  This 
region  includes  the  northeastern  dairy  region,  where  corn  by-products 
are  fed  in  large  quantities,  and  the  southeast,  where  corn  is  used  ex- 
tensively as  a  food.  The  major  movement  of  corn  from  Illinois  ap- 
pears to  be  to  supply  this  eastern  and  southern  demand  in  part  direct 
and  in  part  thru  milling  centers  located  close  to  producing  areas. 

There  is  a  large  demand  for  oats  in  the  South  to  feed  work  ani- 
mals. Formerly  there  was  a  large  trade  to  eastern  cities,  but  the  de- 
creasing number  of  horses  has  reduced  this  outlet  materially.  The 
United  States  Census  Bureau  reports  that  between  1910  and  1920  the 
number  of  horses  not  on  farms  declined  from  about  3.5  million  to 
about  2.1  million,  a  decline  of  about  1.4  million.  No  official  data  are 
available  since  1920,  but  the  numbers  have  doubtless  continued  to  de- 
cline and  at  present  (1927)  are  probably  not  more  than  1.5  million, 
or  but  little  over  40  percent  of  the  number  as  shown  by  the  Census  of 
1910. 

A  comparison  of  St.  Louis  and  Chicago  prices  illustrates  how  de- 
mands in  these  two  markets  are  constantly  altering  so  as  to  give  first 
one  and  then  the  other  a  price  advantage.  Chicago  is  the  gateway  to 
the  eastern  markets ;  St.  Louis  to  the  southern.  Differences  in  monthly 
prices  of  com,  oats,  and  wheat  at  Chicago  and  at  St.  Louis  over  a 
series  of  years  are  shown  in  Fig.  3.  If  daily  prices  had  been  used,  the 
variations  would  have  been  greater. 

From  1910  to  1926  the  average  differences  between  the  monthly 
average  corn  prices  was  zero,  the  prices  averaging  the  same  for  45 
months,  being  higher  at  St.  Louis  for  84  months  and  higher  at  Chicago 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  (i 


1310      1911      I9IZ     1913      I9K     1915     1916      1917     1918      1919     I9EO     1921      1922    1923     1924    I9Z5     1926 


Fu;.  3. — MARGIN  BETWEEN  MONTHLY  AVERAGK  PRICES  OF  CORN,  OATS,  AND  SOFT 

WHEAT  AT  CHICAGO  AND  ST.  Louis,  1910  TO  1926 

The  margins  between  the  prices  of  corn,  oats,  and  wheat,  of  the  same  class 
and  grade  at  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  are  rather  variable  from  time  to  time  tho  the 
variations  are  not  usually  large  in  amount.  The  prices  of  the  corn  and  oats  over  this 
series  of  years  have  averaged  about  the  same  in  the  two  markets  while  the  price 
of  soft  red  winter  wheat  has  averaged  2  to  3  cents  higher  at  St.  Louis. 


for  75  months.     In  85  percent  of  the  months  the  difference  was  les> 
than  3  cents. 

The  average  differences  between  the  oa/x  prices  at  the  two  mar- 
kets for  this  period  was  also  zero,  the  prices  being  equal  during  48 
months,  higher  at  Chicago  for  93  months  and  higher  at  St.  Louis  for 
48  months.  During  80  percent  of  the  months  the  difference  was  Ic-- 
than  3  cents. 


74  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September, 

Prices  of  soft  red  winter  wheat  were  distinctly  higher  at  St.  Louis, 
the  average  difference  being  2.7  cents  in  favor  of  that  market.  Never- 
theless, during  55  months  the  Chicago  price  was  higher.  During  64 
months,  or  nearly  one-third  of  the  period,  the  price  at  St.  Louis  aver- 
aged 5  cents  higher  than  at  Chicago. 

These  differences  indicate  how  closely  Chicago  and  St.  Louis 
prices  for  corn  and  oats  correspond  and  bring  out  clearly  the  ad- 
vantages of  St.  Louis  as  a  market  for  soft  winter  wheat.  The  great 
variability  in  these  margins  indicates  the  tendency  for  a  shifting  in 
the  relative  advantages  of  these  markets. 

From  July,  1923,  to  June,  1926,  the  basic  period  for  this  study, 
there  were  9  months  during  which  prices  of  corn  averaged  the  same  in 
Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  13  months  when  the  prices  were  higher  at  Chi- 
cago, and  14  months  when  they  were  higher  at  St.  Louis.  There  were 
4  months  when  the  price  of  oats  was  equal,  28  months  when  it  W'as 
higher  at  St.  Louis,  and  4  months  when  it  was  higher  at  Chicago.  Dur- 
ing the  27  months  the  price  of  soft  wheat  was  higher  at  St.  Louis  and 
for  only  9  months  was  it  the  same,  or  lower. 

During  the  three  years  indicated,  the  demand  in  the  St.  Louis 
market  territory  was  such  that  St.  Louis  could  pay  a  higher  price  for 
this  class  of  wheat  and  for  oats  and  about  the  same  price  for  corn. 
This  explains  why  a  larger  proportion  of  oats  than  of  corn  went  to 
St.  Louis  from  the  highly  competitive  area  in  central  Illinois. 

Railroad  Rates1 

Railroad  Rates  to  Chicago.  One  basis  for  the  close  correspond- 
ence in  the  prices  at  Chicago  and  St.  Lotus  is  the  large  area  in  central 
Illinois  from  which  both  markets  draw  grain  at  equal  freight  rates. 
This  is  shown  in  Fig.  4.  Freight  rates  for  100  pounds  of  grain  shipped 
to  Chicago  step  up  irregularly  to  the  west  and  south  until  the  11.5- 
cent  rate  line  is  reached.  The  area  from  which  rates  are  less  than  this 
forms  a  semicircle  with  a  radius  of  about  75  miles  to  the  west  and 
southwest  of  Chicago,  a  long  tongue  extending  about  50  miles  farther 
south  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  state.  To  the  west  and  south  is 
a  large  area  with  a  rate  of  11.5  cents  which  roughly  covers  the  east- 
ern two-thirds  of  the  state  and  extends  far  enough  south  to  include 
all  points  that  ship  corn  or  oats  in  important  quantities.  To  the  west 
the  rates  step  up  again,  the  isophors.  or  lines  drawn  thru  points  having 
equal  rates,  extending  approximately  north  and  south. 

Railroad  Rates  to  St.  Louis.  The  area  from  which  rates  favor 
St.  Louis  is  a  little  more  restricted,  forming  a  semicircle  to  the  north, 
east,  and  south,  with  a  radius  of  perhaps  75  miles.  To  the  northeast 


'Acknowledgment  of  contribution  to  the  graphic  analysis  which  accom- 
panies this  sketch  of  the  grain  freight  rate  structure  is  made  to  O.  L.  Whalin, 
Research  Assistant  in  Agricultural  Economics. 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN 


7.-, 


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76  BrLLETix  No.  315  [Scptoti!' 


of  this  is  a  considerable  area  in  the  central  part  of  the  state  with  a 
rate  of  11.5  cents  from  points  on  railroads  that  have  direct  St.  Louis 
connections.  The  line  of  the  Toledo.  Peoria  &  Western  Railroad,  cut- 
ting across  the  northern  edge  of  McLean  county,  is  the  approximate 
northern  boundary  of  this  zone.  From  all  of  this  11.5-cent  zone,  except 
the  western  edge,  there  is  a  similar  rate  to  Chicago  and  St.  Louis.  The 
fact  that  both  markets  draw  grain  at  the  same  rate  from  this  section 
tends  to  keep  the  prices  in  both  markets  in  line  with  each  other.  To 
the  north  and  west  the  rates  to  St.  Louis  increase,  the  isophors  form- 
ing concentric  circles.  Directly  to  the  west  of  this  11.5-cent  zone  the 
St.  Louis  rates  are  equal  to  or  more  favorable  than  those  to  Chicago. 
To  the  north  and  east  St.  Louis  rates  steadily  step  up.  putting  St. 
Louis  at  a  disadvantage  in  comparison  with  points  to  the  south. 

Railroad  Rates  to  Cairo.  Cairo,  a  market  used  as  a  distribution 
point  for  much  of  the  Illinois  oats  and  as  a  transfer  point  for  some 
grain  to  be  shipped  down  the  Mississippi  river,  has  a  14.5-cent  rate 
from  a  large  part  of  the  area  from  which  rates  to  St.  Louis  are  11.5 
cents  and  from  a  considerable  region  to  the  southeast  (Fig.  4l.  A  rate 
of  14.5  cents  to  Cairo  is  directly  competitive  with  an  11.5-cent  rate  to 
St.  Louis,  inasmuch  as  the  reshipping  rate  from  St.  Louis  to  Cairo  is 
3  cents.  To  the  north  and  west  of  this  competitive  area  the  Cairo 
rates  increase;  to  the  south  they  decrease,  the  isophors  running  ap- 
proximately east  and  west. 

Railroad  Rates  to  Indianapolis.  Fig.  5  is  a  map  of  the  railroad 
lines  points  on  which  have  favorable  rates  to  Indianapolis.  Unlike 
the  three  previous  illustrations  Fig.  5  does  not  show  the  isophors. 
because  favorable  rates  are  in  effect,  only  from  points  on  particular 
railroad  lines.  Instead  it  shows  the  location  of  railroad  lines  having 
the  following  combinations  of  rates:  shipments  thru  Indianapolis.  41% 
cents  or  less  to  Xew  York  and  17V.,  cents  or  less  to  Ohio  river  points: 
and  14V,  cents  or  less.  local  rate,  to  Indianapolis. 

All  of  the  railroads  from  Illinois  running  into  Indianapolis,  and 
some  that  do  not.  permit  grain  to  be  handled  thru  Indianapolis  on  a 
thru  rate  from  the  point  of  origin  to  certain  final  destinations.  This 
permits  Indianapolis  to  servo  as  a  primary  market,  and  also  as  a 
milling  point  for  grain  from  favorably  located  Illinois  points. 

The  points  which  ship  any  large  quantity  of  grain  to  Indianapolis 
from  Illinois  have  the  following  combination:  a  411-o-cent  rate  on 
domestic  grain  to  Xew  York  and  a  17V,-cent  rate  to  points  on  the 
Ohio  river.  The  4lV,-eent  rate  to  Xew  York  is  in  effect  from  a  large 
part  of  Illinois,  but  the  advantages  of  Chicago  and  other  markets 
located  on  the  Lakes  in  connection  with  shipments  to  the  East  make 
such  a  rate  to  eastern  points  of  little  use  to  Indianapolis.  The  17V,- 
cent  rate  to  Ohio  river  points  is  in  effect  from  only  a  few  points  other 
than  those  located  on  railroads  with  direct  Indianapolis  connections. 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN 


77 


The  direct  lines  are  as  follows:  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western,  the 
Lake  Erie  &  Western,  and  the  Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Western  divisions  of 
the  new  Nickel  Plate  System;  the  various  divisions  of  the  Cleveland, 


FIG.  5. — RAILROAD  LINES  IN  ILLINOIS  HAVING  FAVOR- 
ABLE RATES  ON  GRAIN  SHIPMENTS  TO  INDIANAPOLIS 
This  map  shows  the  approximate  location  of 
sections  of  railroad  lines  with  the  following  com- 
binations of  rates  thru  Indianapolis:  41.5  cents 
per  100  pounds  to  New  York,  and  17.5  cents  to 
Ohio  river  points.  From  all  such  points  there  is  a 
local  rate  of  14.5  cents  to  Indianapolis.  Points 
having  such  rates  arc  located  chieflj"  on  lines  run- 
ning directly  into  Indianapolis. 

Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  (or  Big  Four) ;  the  Pennsylvania  (or 
Vandalia) ;  and  the  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis  &  Western  (now  a  part 


7-.  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September. 

of  the  Baltimore  A.  System).    From  a  number  of  points  on  the 

Illinois  Centra  - ;:..  is  in  effect  to  Louisville  only. 

A  favorable  rate  to  Ohio  river  points  thru  Indianapolis  is  of  ad- 
;.ge  to  an  elevator  because  this  frequently  is  the  most  favorable 
rtain  ki  lasses     f  grain    and          -s  to  a  nearby 

:.  market  has      [vantages  1          ountry  elevator  operator. 

Railroad  Rates  to  Peoria.    The  Peoria  m:-.       Fig   c  -  simply 

-         !  :e  2  cents  or  more 

ess  than  1     se  to  < 

Th     :   -hipping  rates  on  •_:  -tern  terminal  points  are  usu- 

ly  L'       nta  m         :     :     P(    ri     I     ui  from  C          g   .     Hence  Peoria  is 

on  an  as  on  shipn      ta  :  .v>m  all  po:     -        .ing  a  proportional 

te  1      I       :     _         ts  less  1      a  that  1     Chi     2       Such       '•  -:-     I 

•:i -boundc-       n  the  east  sid<    "f  the  Illinois 

9.5-  •    :      tional  rate  to  Peon-  I          rritory 

Mississippi  extending  n  z    .  ral  to  the 

icago,  Burlington  &  ':•'.'•."   ;•'•  :'road  thru  Prince- 

I     .      :.      G 

Principles  of  Grain  Rate  Structure.     T:  e  ture 

I  igs.  4  to  6  •    is   ~       :    -v;lt  of  long  evolution.     The  chief  factor  in 

mi rates   :  :       ilar  poiir         3  been  competition — 

competition  amon^:  -  ''een  rail  ;;*er  route-    : 

isiness        mpetiti  long  mark(    3  for  :      ges  in  handlin-j  • 

produ'  and  competition  among  countn."  points 

in  obtaining  more  -  tisi  :or  their  gruir..    Since  the  policy 

.    ;    _        .         frail]          rates  has  been  the  tendency  has 

been  to  maintain  a  rather  rigid  structure. 

I  or  purpo-  :  Lre  makii._  '  States   is  divided  intd 

major  rate  distri     -  .  Western  and  Southern.   These  dis- 

ta  were  not  arbitrarily  created  but  have  been  gradually  evolved. 

:  im  being  to  group  together  territory  in  which   condition- 

simib:  making  was  concerned.   Illinois  points  east  of  a 

line  drawn  thr  a      -Toliet.  Peoria.  Springfield  and  St.  Louis,  are 

in  the  Official  territory.  The  balance  of  the  -          is  Western  territory. 

Commodities  are  divided  for  rate-making  purposes  into  a  number 

of  ck;--  vhich  a  common  rate  applies  and  in  addition  there  are  a 

large  number  of  products  with  special  commodity  rates.   Grain  is  one 

lattei 

The  rates  on  grain  from  Chicago  to  points  in  the  East  are  certain 
percentages  of  the  Chicago-New  York  rate,  the  percentages  having 
been  worked  out  on  the  basis  of  distances  to  different  points  and  of 
terminal  costs.  The  eastern  rates  on  grain  from  most  points  in  Illinois 
are  based  on  the  Chicago-New  York  rate  plus  the  rates  to  Chicago, 
shown  in  Fig.  4.  For  in-rance,  the  Chicago-New  York  rate  is  30  cents 


• 


MARKET  DESTINATION         : 


for  100  pounds  on  grain  for  dome--  -umption.   The  rate  from  a 

point  with  an  11.5-cent  rate  to  Chicago  would  be  41.5  • 

York  and  rates  to  intermediate  points  between  Chicago  and  V       : 


FIG.  6. — AREA   FROM   WHICH   PEOP.IA   HAS 

FAVORABLE  RA::  .P.AIX 

This  map  shows  the  area  from  which 
proportional  rates  on  g: 
2   or  more   cents  per   100  pounds  higher 
than  to  Peoria.  tlr>  .;  Peoria  on  an 

equal  basis  with  Chicag 
all-rail    transportation     costs    to    eastern 
points. 

would  in  general  equal  given  percentages  of  the  Chicago-New  York 
rate  plus  the  Chicago  rate  shown  in  Fig.  4.  Rates  to  Baltimore  are 
3  cents  less,  to  Philadelphia  2  cents  less,  and  to  Boston  and  all  New 
England  points  2  cents  more  than  the  Chit  N  .••.-  York  : 

On  grain  to  be  exported,  the  Chicago-New  York  rat-        7  5     ^nts 
per  100  pounds  less  than  on  grain  for  domestic  consumption.     The 


80  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September, 

market  differentials  vary  on  export  grain  also,  that  to  Philadelphia 
being  1  cent  and  that  to  Baltimore  1V>  cents  under  the  Xew  York  rate, 
while  Boston  takes  the  Xew  York  rate.  These  differentials  in  favor  of 
these  markets  were  established  as  a  result  of  a  long  controversy  and 
tend  to  offset  the  advantages  which  Xew  York  has  as  a  point  of  ex- 
port for  overseas  trade  because  of  the  large  number  of  established 
steamship  lines  using  Xew  York  as  their  American  port. 

Rates  to  the  south  are  built  up  on  what  is  known  as  the  basing 
point  system.  Relatively  low  rates  are  established  to  certain  points 
both  water  and  rail,  which  were  determined  largely  by  competition. 
Rates  to  other  points  in  the  South  are  equal  to  the  rates  to  these 
basing  points  plus  relatively  high  local  rates.  The  effect  of  this  is  to 
cause  these  points  to  develop  as  distributing  centers  for  goods  to  be 
consumed  in  the  surrounding  territory;  tins  is  one  of  the  reasons  why 
shipments  of  Illinois  grain  into  the  South  are  made  to  relatively  few 
points  rather  than  direct  to  all  points  of  consumption. 

Rates  from  St.  Louis  to  southern  points  equal  the  rate  from  Cairo 
plus  3  cents.  From  points  with  an  11.5-cent  rate  to  St.  Louis  and  a 
14.5-cent  rate  to  Cairo,  these  two  markets  are  on  an  equal  basis. 
Points  in  Illinois  from  which  Indianapolis  obtains  any  large  amount 
of  grain  usually  have  a  rate  of  17.5  cents  thru  Indianapolis  to  Ohio 
river  points. 

The  farmer  is  interested  in  the  particular  rate  used  by  his  elevator 
man  in  determining  his  buying  prices,  local  buying  prices  being  based 
on  terminal  market  prices  minus  freight  and  other  costs.  From  most 
points  one  of  the  interstate  rates  shown  in  Figs.  4  to  6  is  so  used. 

The  effect  of  regulation,  which  has  been  of  increasing  importance 
in  rate  making  since  the  movement  was  initiated  in  Illinois  about 
1870.  has  been  toward  greater  uniformity  and  rigidity.  All  rate 
changes  must  now  be  approved  by  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sion. The  chief  underlying  principle  governing  rate  changes  is  protec- 
tion— protection  of  investments  in  railroad  property,  protection  of  the 
position  of  different  markets,  protection  of  the  interests  of  the  indi- 
vidual shippers  and  of  different  producing  regions  in  their  trade  out- 
lets. 

Lake  Transportation  Costs 

For  shipments  to  the  East  either  for  domestic  consumption  or  ex- 
port, the  Great  Lakes  water  route  frequently  gives  Chicago  an  ad- 
vantage. For  the  three  years  1923,  1924,  and  1925  the  average  rate 
on  a  bushel  of  corn  for  domestic  consumption  from  Chicago  to  Xew 
York  was  16.8  cents,  all  rail,  and  13.9  cents  via  lake  and  rail;  corre- 
sponding rates  on  grain  to  be  exported  were,  all  rail  12.6  cents,  and 
lake  and  rail  10.6  cents.  Rates  on  other  grains  are  comparable.  This 
gives  Chicago  an  advantage  in  moving  grain  east  when  the  Lakes  are 
open  to  navigation.  From  1923  to  1926  shipments  of  corn  from  Chi- 


l'-t->8\  MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  II.LINOIS  GRAIN  SI 

cago  to  the  east  by  rail  averaged  32,086,000  bushels  and  by  lake 
14,750,000  bushels.  The  lake  shipments  made  up  nearly  one-third  of 
the  total  movement.  During  1923,  1924,  and  1925  east-bound  ship- 
ments of  oats  from  Chicago  were,  by  lake,  7,867,000  bushels  and  by 
rail  37,358,000  bushels,  lake  shipments  being  only  about  one-fifth  of 
the  rail  shipments,  compared  to  one-half  in  the  case  of  corn.  During 
the  same  years  shipments  of  wheat  from  Chicago  by  lake  were  twice 
as  large  as  the  rail  shipments,  an  average  of  25,126,000  bushels  being 
shipped  by  lake  and  12,509,000  bushels  by  rail. 

In  cases  where  the  combination  lake  and  rail  rates  are  equal  to 
or  more  than  the  rail  rates,  the  advantage  of  Chicago  as  a  shipping 
point  disappears.  Interior  points  west  of  Buffalo  are  not  influenced 
by  the  lake  shipments  to  the  same  extent  and  more  direct  shipments 
are  made.  Most  of  the  rail  shipments  to  Buffalo  from  interior  Illinois 
points  were  made  during  the  season  when  the  Lakes  were  closed. 

The  large  volume  of  hard  wheat  going  to  Chicago  indicates  that 
the  lake  route  furnished  the  cheapest  transportation  for  moving  out 
the  1923  and  1924  wheat  crops.  Anything  that  tends  to  raise  costs 
on  the  Lakes  or  to  lower  costs  by  an  alternative  route,  the  Mississippi 
river,  for  example,  would  tend  to  shift  the  direction  of  this  move- 
ment. Improvement  of  the  all-water  route  to  the  Atlantic  coast  would 
tend  to  increase  the  advantage  of  Chicago  in  handling  Illinois  wheat, 
while  improvement  of  facilities  and  the  lowering  of  costs  of  shipment 
on  the  Mississippi  would  increase  the  advantage  of  St.  Louis  and  Cairo. 

Mississippi  River  Transportation  Costs 

The  Mississippi-Warrior  Service  (otherwise  known  as  the  Federal 
Barge  Line)  handled  about  6,000,000  bushels  of  grain,  chiefly  wheat, 
out  of  St.  Louis  and  Cairo,  the  principal  destination  being  New  Or- 
leans, during  the  river  seasons  of  both  1925  and  1926.  Data  furnished 
by  Mr.  J.  P.  Higgins,  operating  manager,  were  as  follows: 

From  St.  Louis  From  Cairo                            Total 

tons            bushels  ton*            bushel*            ton*            buxhelx 

192.3 148,665       77,145       225,810       

1924 104,813       90,149       194,962       

1925 82,963      2,879,348  113,699      3,729,191  196,662      6,60X,5:W 

1926 166,014      5,712,914  10,18s         354,240  176,202      6,067,154 

Rates  of  11.5  cents  for  100  pounds,  or  6.9  cents  a  bushel,  from 
St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans,  and  10  cents  for  100  pounds,  or  6  con  is  a 
bushel,  from  Cairo,  were  in  effect  during  this  period. 

The  comparative  costs,  not  including  transfer  costs,  of  shipping 
export  wheat  from  a  point  in  central  Illinois  by  the  Chicago-New 
York  or  by  the  St.  Louis-New  Orleans  route  were  approximately  as 
shown  on  the  following  page. 


82  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September, 

1925  1926 

Origin  of  shipment St.  Louis      Chicago  St.  Louis      Chicago 

cents            cents  cents  cents 

Freight  from  local  station 6.9              6.9  6.9  6.9 

St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans  via  river ...         6.9             ....  6.9  .... 
Chicago  to  New  York,  lake  and  rail 

export 11.0              12.2 

New  Orleans  to  Liverpool1 12 .0             ....  14 .0  .... 

New  York  to  Liverpool1 7.0  ....  90 

Total 25.8            24.9  27.8  28.1 

('Foreign  Crops  and  Markets  14,  350.     March,  1927.) 

Excluding  transfer  costs,  which  would  be  slightly  higher  by  the 
Chicago-to-Xew  York  route,  because  of  the  one  additional  transfer 
necessary  at  Buffalo  or  some  other  Lake  Erie  port,  the  charges  were 
nearly  1  cent  higher  by  way  of  St.  Louis  in  1925,  the  lower  charges 
necessary  to  reach  the  seaboard  being  offset  by  higher  costs  from  New 
Orleans  to  England.  In  1926  the  increases  in  the  lake  freights  shifted 
the  balance  slightly  in  favor  of  St.  Louis. 

The  all-rail  export  rates  are  higher  than  these,  being  equivalent 
to  14.7  cents  a  bushel  from  Chicago  to  New  York  and  10.8  cents  from 
St.  Louis  to  New7  Orleans.  The  lower  rate  from  St.  Louis  is  approxi- 
mately offset  by  the  higher  rate  from  New  Orleans  to  England. 

From  the  area  having  a  14.5-cent  rate  to  Cairo  and  an  11.5-cent 
rate  to  St.  Louis,  an  area  which  includes  much  of  central  Illinois,  the 
cheaper  route  to  New  Orleans  would  be  by  St.  Louis  unless  higher 
handling  costs  absorbed  the  difference  of  1.5  cents  in  favor  of  St. 
Louis  on  the  total  rail  and  river  freight.  From  points  with  a  14.5- 
cent  rate  to  both  St.  Louis  and  Cairo  the  lower  barge  rate  gives  the 
latter  an  advantage  on  grain  to  be  shipped  by  water  to  Xew  Orleans. 

Factors  Other  Than  Transportation  Costs 

Relative  costs,  chiefly  transportation,  are  of  outstanding  import- 
ance in  determining  market  movement.  Other  factors  which  may  be 
of  influence  are:  (1)  location  of  mills  using  grain  as  raw  material; 
1 2)  available  storage  space;  (3'i  size  of  markets,  and  (4i  services 
furnished  by  terminal  market  firms.  The  two  factors  mentioned  first, 
relative  costs  and  location  of  manufacturing  plants,  are  the  chief  ex- 
planation of  the  relative  importance  of  the  different  markets  for  Illi- 
nois grain. 

Location  of  Plants  Using  Grain  as  Raw  Material.  This  factor  is 
significant  in  all  the  important  markets  for  Illinois  corn.  The  percent- 
age of  corn  receipts  not  rcshipped  for  the  two  years  beginning  Novem- 
ber 1,  1923,  were  as  follows:  at  Chicago.  51  percent:  at  Indianapolis. 
64  percent;  at  Peoria,  42  percent;  at  St.  Louis.  38  percent.  At  Decatur 
from  July,  1924,  to  the  corresponding  date  in  1925,  only  7  percent  of 
the  receipts  were  inspected  for  shipment,  a  fact  which  indicates  that 
93  percent  of  the  receipts  were  used  locally. 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  CHAIN  s;; 

The  location  of  a  cereal  plant  at  Lockport  explains  the  importance 
of  this  point  as  an  oats  market.  Flour  mills  at  points  in  southern  and 
western  Illinois  similarly  influence  wheat  shipments. 

Available  Storage.  When  there  is  a  large  movement  of  a  crop  at 
harvest  time  the  market  with  available  storage  space  may  have  an 
advantage.  Chicago,  with  a  reported  elevator  capacity  of  52  million 
bushels,  has  more  storage  space  available  than  any  of  the  other  mar- 
kets considered  here. 

Size  of  Market.  Probably  because  of  size,  Chicago  and,  to  a 
lesser  extent,  St.  Louis  and  Indianapolis,  attract  some  grain.  A  large 
market,  in  theory  at  least,  should  be  able  to  absorb  varying  quantities 
of  grain  of  different  grades  with  smaller  price  fluctuations  than  a 
small  market.  A  smaller  market  can  overcome  this  handicap  by  buy- 
ing grain  on  bids  with  discounts  agreed  upon  in  advance. 

Services  of  Terminal  Agencies.  Services  furnished  to  local  ele- 
vators or  grain  dealers  probably  influence  the  movement  of  grain. 
Many  elevators  obtain  market  information  from  local  offices  of 
terminal  grain  firms.  Chicago  has  an  advantage  in  this  respect  be- 
cause its  future  market  makes  possible  the  maintenance  of  branch  of- 
fices of  certain  of  its  grain  firms  at  many  downstate  points  which  are 
in  close  contact  with  a  group  of  local  elevators.  Markets  located  in  the 
midst  of  producing  regions,  such  as  Decatur  and  Peoria.  have  certain 
advantages  from  the  close  and  direct  contacts  that  grain  buyers  may 
have  with  shippers  in  the  vicinity. 

AREAS  FROM  WHICH  DIFFERENT  MARKETS  DREW 
GRAIN,  1923  TO  1926 

The  above  discussion  indicates  that  a  variety  of  markets  com- 
pete for  shipments  of  Illinois  grain.  Which  market  is  used  is  de- 
termined largely  by  the  relative  prices  that  can  be  netted  for  grain, 
and  this  in  turn  depends  on  the  relative  prices  in  each  market  and  the 
freight  rates  and  connections. 

Chicago  Dominates  the  Market  in  Northern  Illinois 

The  advantages  of  Chicago  as  a  market  for  Illinois  grain  include 
the  following:  (1)  location  on  Lake  Michigan,  which  gives  an  ad- 
vantage in  rates  to  the  east  during  the  season  in  which  the  lakes  are 
open;  (2)  favorable  railroad  connections;  (3)  a  freight- rate  structure 
which  permits  shipments  from  central  Illinois  to  go  thru  Chicago  and 
east  by  rail  at  the  same  rate  as  tho  such  shipments  were  made  direct 
to  eastern  points;  (4)  a  large  local  consuming  demand,  the  relative 
amount  of  which  is  indicated  by  the  following  percentages  of  the  re- 
ceipts at  Chicago  which  were  used  locally  from  1921  to  1926: 


84  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September, 

corn,  50;  oats,  27;  wheat,  18;  (5)  the  large  amount  of  available  stor- 
age capacity,  reported  at  52  million  bushels  in  July,  1926. 

Chicago  drew  corn  from  all  the  surplus-producing  section  of  the 
state  except  the  lower  Wabash  valley,  altho  shipments  from  some  of 
the  railroad  lines  with  direct  eastern  connections,  such  as  the  Big 
Four  from  Peoria  to  Danville,  were  rather  small.  From  the  northern 
area  about  70  percent  of  the  reported  shipments  went  to  Chicago  and 
from  the  rest  of  the  state  an  average  of  about  20  percent. 

Compared  with  this  dominance  as  a  corn  market  Chicago  was  less 
important  as  a  market  for  Illinois  oats,  being  the  reported  destination 
for  about  60  percent  of  the  oats  shipments  from  the  northern  area,  a 
little  over  10  percent  from  the  central,  5  percent  from  the  southern 
and  25  percent  from  the  western. 

Chicago  was  the  principal  destination  for  shipments  of  hard 
wheat  from  all  parts  of  the  state,  being  reported  as  the  destination 
each  year  in  the  case  of  practically  all  shipments  from  the  northern 
district,  about  70  percent  from  the  central,  50  percent  from  the  west- 
ern, and  about  20  percent  from  the  southern. 

From  this  it  may  be  concluded  that  Chicago  dominates  as  the 
grain  market  for  northern  Illinois,  but  in  the  balance  of  the  state 
meets  keen  competition  from  other  markets.  In  this  more  competitive 
area  Chicago  has  the  greatest  advantages  in  the  case  of  hard  wheat, 
followed  by  corn,  then  by  oats,  and  finally  by  soft  wheat. 

St.  Louis  Ranks  Second  as  Market  for  Illinois  Grain 

On  the  whole,  St.  Louis  ranks  second  as  a  market  for  Illinois 
grain.  Its  location  at  a  converging  point  for  railroads  from  the  north- 
cast  and  from  the  southeast,  its  favorable  rates  to  southern  points,  the 
availability  of  river  transportation  to  New  Orleans,  the  presence  of 
mills  nearby,  and  the  possession  of  a  volume  of  receipts  large  enough 
to  make  a  satisfactory  consignment  market  are  some  of  the  reasons 
for  the  importance  of  St.  Louis,  particularly  as  a  distributing  point  to 
the  southeastern  states.  The  necessity  for  using  all-rail  rates  for 
eastern  shipments,  and  the  lack  of  any  large  amount  of  storage  ca- 
pacity are  limiting  factors. 

The  grain  requirements  of  the  St.  Louis  market  were  reported  as 
calling  for  about  one-third  of  the  corn  shipments  from  the  southern 
Illinois  district,  and  about  one-tenth  from  the  central  district  of  the 
state  but  for  practically  none  from  the  northern  or  western  district. 
These  requirements  were  satisfied  by  the  elevators  along  the  southern 
fringe  of  the  corn-shipping  sections. 

St.  Louis  finds  it  necessary  to  come  farther  north,  however,  to 
supply  the  oats  which  its  trade  requires,  drawing  about  40  percent  of 
the  total  shipments  from  the  southern  district,  25  percent  from  the 
central,  20  percent  from  the  western,  and  5  percent  from  the  northern. 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN  85 

There  was  a  marked  tendency  for  all  soft  wheat  shipped  from 
points  on  railroads  entering  St.  Louis  from  the  north  to  move  to  that 
market  first.  St.  Louis  drew  only  scattered  shipments  from  the  north- 
ern area,  a  little  over  one-tenth  of  the  total  the  first  two  years,  and  in 
1923-1926  one-third  of  the  total  from  the  central  district,  about  one- 
third  from  the  western  and  about  two-fifths  from  the  southern.  Ex- 
cept in  1925  most  of  this  wheat  was  either  soft  or  mixed. 

Indianapolis  Draws  Grain  From  Eastern  Illinois 

The  bulk  of  the  grain  going  to  Indianapolis  from  Illinois  points 
came  from  stations  on  railroads  with  direct  Indianapolis  connections, 
such  as  the  Lake  Erie  &  Western,  the  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis  &  West- 
ern (now  a  part  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  System),  the  Pennsylvania, 
the  Big  Four,  and  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Western. 

From  the  northern  area  Indianapolis  drew  about  5  percent  of  the 
shipments,  largely  from  the  Big  Four,  Illinois  Central,  and  the  Wa- 
bash;  from  the  central  area  about  12  percent  of  the  total  but  about 
50  percent  of  the  shipments  from  lines  with  favorable  connections; 
and  from  the  southern  area  about  10  percent,  chiefly  from  points  on 
the  Big  Four.  Apparently  the  Indianapolis  market  has  outlets  that 
put  it  in  a  position  to  attract  considerable  corn  from  any  point  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Illinois  which  has  favorable  rates  and  connections. 

Indianapolis  drew  a  small  amount  of  oats  from  Illinois.  Scattered 
shipments  were  made  quite  generally  from  lines  in  the  northern  area, 
but  from  the  central  and  southern  areas  shipments  were  largely  con- 
fined to  stations  located  on  direct  lines.  From  three  particularly 
favored  railroads  about  one-third  of  the  oats  went  to  Indianapolis. 

Shipments  of  wheat  were  largely  confined  to  the  lines  having 
direct  connections  and  the  proportion  of  wheat  shipped  from  them  to 
Indianapolis  was  less  than  for  either  corn  or  oats.  Elevators  on  the 
three  lines  that  shipped  about  one-half  of  their  corn  and  one-third  of 
their  oats,  shipped  only  about  one-fifth  of  their  wheat  to  Indianapolis. 

Manufacturing  Plants  at  Peoria  Attract  Grain 

Peoria,  with  which  has  been  included  Pekin,  was  of  primary  im- 
portance as  a  receiver  of  corn,  and  also  an  important  outlet  for  oats 
from  western,  northern,  and  central  points  having  favorable  rates  and 
connections.  Manufacturing  plants  using  corn  for  various  industrial 
uses  are  located  in  this  market  area.  A  large  part  of  the  grain  from 
elevators  using  the  Illinois  river  as  a  means  of  transportation  goes  to 
Peoria.  No  data  were  obtained  as  to  the  amount  of  such  shipments. 

Shipments  of  corn  to  Peoria  amounted  to  about  70  percent  of  the 
shipments  from  the  western  district,  16  percent  of  the  shipments  from 
the  central,  and  but  from  5  to  10  percent  of  those  from  the  northern. 


86  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September, 

Oats  shipments  amounted  to  about  one-third  of  the  total  from  the 
western  and  a  little  less  than  5  percent  from  the  northern  and  western 
districts. 

Corn-Products  Plant  Chief  Factor  at  Decatur 

The  importance  of  Decatur,  which  is  indicated  to  be  one  of  the 
five  leading  markets  for  Illinois  corn,  is  due  principally  to  the  location 
there  of  a  large  corn-products  plant,  and  secondarily,  to  its  develop- 
ment as  a  distributing  point  for  grain. 

This  market  was  reported  as  handling  about  25  percent  of  the 
corn  shipments  from  the  central  area  during  each  year,  as  well  as  a 
considerable  quantity  of  corn  from  conveniently  located  points  in 
other  areas.  It  is  probable  that  a  small  part  of  the  corn  which  was 
credited  to  Decatur  wras  not  shipped  there  but  was  sold  to  De- 
catur firms.  The  records  of  the  elevators  did  not  always  indicate  the 
point  to  which  the  grain  was  shipped.  A  large  part  of  this  grain,  how- 
ever, was  either  used  in  Decatur  or  inspected  there.  A  smaller  amount 
of  oats  than  of  corn  was  sold  thru  this  market,  and  the  territory  from 
which  the  oats  were  drawn  was  much  more  limited.  Practically  no 
wheat  was  shipped  to  Decatur. 

Lockport  Draws  Oats  From  Northern  Illinois 

Lockport  ranked  next  to  Chicago  as  a  market  for  oats  from  north- 
ern Illinois.  The  presence  of  a  cereal  manufacturing  plant  in  this 
market  is  the  explanation.  It  is  probable  that  a  part  of  these  oats  was 
reshipped  to  Chicago  and  other  points. 

Movements  to  Other  Market  Points  in  Illinois 

Chicago,  Decatur,  Lockport,  and  Peoria  have  been  discussed.  The 
bulk  of  the  Illinois  shipments  indicated  as  going  to  St.  Louis  actually 
went  to  East  St.  Louis,  but  as  the  sales  were  made  in  St.  Louis,  they 
have  been  accounted  for  at  that  market,  Cairo  has  been  included 
with  the  southern  markets  because  of  its  location. 

The  direct  movement  of  corn  and  oats  from  reporting  elevators  to 
points  in  Illinois  other  than  those  mentioned  was  comparatively  light. 
Springfield  uses  considerable  quantities  of  white  corn  for  manufactur- 
ing purposes,  supplied  from  nearby  points.  Bloomington  and  Cham- 
paign handle  some  corn,  chiefly  from  nearby  points.  From  all  parts 
of  the  state  there  is  a  small  movement  of  corn  to  feeders,  and  to  local 
elevators  in  areas  that  do  not  produce  sufficient  grain  for  local  use. 
Such  shipments  were  largest  in  the  western  Illinois  district,  where 
livestock  feeding  is  extensively  done,  and  were  also  of  some  impor- 
tance in  southern  Illinois,  but  they  were  of  small  importance  in  north- 
ern and  central  Illinois.  Shipments  of  oats  to  other  Illinois  points, 
altho  made  from  all  parts  of  the  state,  were  relatively  small. 


1928]  MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  C!KAIN  S7 

Shipments  of  wheat  to  other  than  terminal  markets  were  of  some 
importance  in  the  central  and  of  considerable  importance  in  the  south- 
ern and  western  sections.  In  southern  Illinois  especially,  there  was  a 
large  movement  to  Illinois  mills.  These  made  up  the  second  largest 
reported  outlet  for  soft  wheat,  St.  Louis  being  the  largest  outlet. 

Southern  Markets  Furnish  Important  Outlet  for  Oats 

Under  this  designation  are  grouped  Cairo,  111.,  Louisville,  Ky., 
Memphis  and  Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  a  number  of  other  points  of  which 
New  Orleans  is  perhaps  most  important.  These  markets  furnished  an 
important  outlet  for  oats  and  one  of  less  significance  for  corn  and  soft 
red  winter  wheat.  Cairo  and  Memphis  were  the  most  important. 

Direct  shipments  of  corn  to  these  points  amounted  to  about  5  per- 
cent of  the  total  shipments  from  the  central  Illinois  district  and  about 
10  percent  from  the  southern.  Direct  shipments  of  wheat  amounted 
to  about  8  percent  of  the  total  from  the  southern  district.  About  5 
percent  of  the  total  oats  shipments  from  the  western  and  northern  dis- 
tricts and  about  35  percent  from  the  central  and  southern  districts  went 
to  these  points. 

Corn  Chief  Grain  Sent  to  Eastern  Markets 

The  only  market  east  of  Illinois  that  has  been  discussed  is  Indian- 
apolis. The  other  markets  were  grouped  as  other  Indiana  points  (In- 
diana outside  of  Indianapolis),  Ohio  and  Michigan,  and  other  eastern 
points,  among  which  Buffalo  is  the  most  important. 

The  direct  movement  of  grain  to  all  these  points  taken  together 
is  not  large,  shipments  of  corn  being  most  important.  By  sections  the 
percentages  of  the  total  shipments  into  this  territory  were  as  follows: 
northern,  7  percent,  chiefly  to  Battle  Creek  and  other  interior  Michi- 
gan points;  central,  6  percent,  about  equally  divided  between  Indiana 
points  outside  of  Indianapolis  (chiefly  Terre  Haute),  and  points  in 
Ohio  and  Michigan,  with  a  small  movement  to  Buffalo,  particularly 
in  1924-25;  southern,  5  percent,  into  southern  Indiana  and  Ohio;  and 
western,  none.  The  shipments  were  widely  scattered  from  the  north- 
ern area,  but  from  the  others  were  more  largely  confined  to  the  rail- 
roads with  their  own  lines  into  the  East,  such  as  the  Wabasli  or  the 
Big  Four. 

The  direct  eastern  movement  of  oats  was  smaller.  By  areas  the 
proportions  so  disposed  of  were  as  follows:  from  the  northern  district. 
4  percent,  chiefly  to  Michigan  points,  with  a  little  less  than  1  percent 
of  the  total  going  to  Buffalo;  from  the  central  district,  4  percent;  and 
from  the  southern  district,  8  percent,  chiefly  to  points  in  Indiana. 

There  was  a  small  movement  of  wheat  from  southern  Illinois 
direct  to  mills  in  southern  Indiana,  but  shipments  cast  of  Indiana 
were  negligible. 


ss 


BULLETIN  Xo.  315 


[September, 


Northern  and  Western  Points  Attract  Little  Grain 

The  movement  of  grain  to  the  north  and  west  was  very  small.  A 
few  cars  of  corn  and  oats  moved  from  the  northern  area  to  Clinton, 
la.,  and  into  Wisconsin. 

CHANGES  IN  MARKETS  FROM  1923  TO  1926 

From  July,  1923,  to  June,  1926,  no  marked  shifts  took  place  in  the 
markets  used  by  Illinois  elevators  for  grain.  Comparative  destinations 
from  elevators  for  which  reports  were  obtained  for  all  of  the  three 
years  are  shown  in  Figs.  7  to  9.  There  was  a  noticeable  tendency  for 
the  markets  used  to  vary  more  from  year  to  year  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  than  in  the  northern. 


PERCENT- 
AGE 

Of 
TOTAL 

70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
19 
0 

JO 
20 
19 

40 

TO 
CH1CRGO 

TO 
ST  LOUIS 

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Si    <G     58 

Fir;.    7. — PROPORTION   OF   CORN    SHIPPED   BY   IDENTICAL    ELEVATORS   TO   IMPORTANT 

MABKETS  BY  YEARS,  1923-24  TO  1925-26 

There  were  few  changes  in  the  markets  for  corn  used  by  elevators  in  north- 
ern and  western  Illinois,  but  many  variations  from  year  To  year  by  those  in  the 
central  and  southern  sections  of  the  state. 


1028} 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN 


89 


Corn.  The  elevators  located  in  the  central  area  shipped  a  larger 
proportion  of  their  corn  to  Chicago  in  1924-25  and  1925-26  than  in 
1923-24.  A  similar  tho  smaller  increase  was  made  in  shipments  to  St. 
Louis.  During  both  of  the  later  years  shipments  to  southern  points 
were  smaller,  and  in  1925-26  the  shipments  to  all  points  east  of  Illinois 
declined  because  of  the  large  corn  crops  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  which 
reduced  the  market  for  Illinois  corn  in  the  East.  Shipments  from 
southern  Illinois  to  St.  Louis  and  to  the  south  increased  particularly 
in  1925-26,  accompanied  by  a  decline  in  shipments  to  Decatur. 

Oats.  Shipments  of  oats  to  Chicago  from  the  northern  district  fell 
off  gradually  during  these  three  years  and  shipments  to  Indianapolis 
and  eastern  points  increased  correspondingly. 


PERCfNT/KE 

Of 
TOTAL 


TO 
CHICflCO 


TO 
ST.  LOUIS 


TO  CRIRO 
flND  SOUTH 


TO  OTHER 
ILLINOIS 


TO  INDIflNflPOU5 
flND  ERST 


NORTHERN 


CENTRAL 


ass 


fcl 


N       M         H 


TTT 


Fir-;.    8. — PROPORTION    OF   OATS   SHIPPED    BY   IDENTICAL   ELEVATORS    TO    IMPORTANT 

MARKETS  BY  YEARS,  1923-24  TO  1925-26 

From  the  northern  district  there  was  a  tendency  for  oats  shipments  to  Chi- 
cago to  decrease,  and  those  to  Indianapolis  to  increase  during  this  thn •• 
period.   From  the  central  district  shipments  to  Chicago  increased  irregularly  and 
to  St.  Louis  steadily  increased,  while  shipments  directly  to  southern  points  fell  off. 


In  the  central  district  the  markets  used  for  oats  varied  consider- 
ably from  year  to  year.  Shipments  to  Chicago,  altho  only  12  percent 
of  the  total  in  1923-24,  increased  to  25  percent  in  1924-25  and  declined 
to  17  percent  in  1925-26.  Shipments  to  St.  Louis  increased  each  year 
over  the  previous  year,  direct  shipments  to  the  southern  markets  show- 
ing corresponding  declines.  Shipments  to  other  Illinois  points,  prin- 
cipally to  Peoria  and  Decatur,  and  also  to  Indianapolis  and  other 
points  east  of  Illinois,  declined  in  1924-25  as  compared  with  the  previ- 


90 


BULLETIN  No.  315 


[September, 


ous  year  but  increased  again  in  1925-26.    The  destinations  of  oats 
from  the  southern  district  were  even  more  variable. 

Wheat.  There  was  a  definite  tendency  for  shipments  of  wheat  to 
Chicago  from  central  and  southern  Illinois  to  decline,  there  being  cor- 
responding increases  in  shipments  to  St.  Louis,  particularly  in  1925-26. 
This  shift  indicates  the  flexibility  of  the  market  outlets  for  grain  from 
this  region. 


PERCtNTHCE 

OF 
TOTAL 


TO 
CHICflGO 


TO 
ST.  LOUIS 


TO  ILLINOIS 
MILLS 


NORTHERN 


50UTHERN 


COMPARISON   OF   MAR- 
KETS USED  BY  FARMERS 
AND  PRIVATELY  OWNED 
ELEVATORS,  1923  TO 
1926 

To  answer  the  question 
whether  the  farmers'  elevators 
utilize  these  different  markets 
as  extensively  as  elevators  pri- 
vately owned  and  operated,  a 
comparison  was  made  between 
the  destinations  given  for  the 
grain  shipped  from  the  two 
types  of  elevators. 

Both  farmers'  and  private 
elevators  used  a  wide  variety 
of  markets  and  there  were  no 
very  marked  differences  be- 
tween the  two  groups.  Indi- 
vidual elevators  in  both  groups 
utilized  more  distant  markets 
to  a  greater  extent  than  did 
their  neighbors.  There  was, 
however,  a  tendency  for  the 
privately  owned  elevators,  as 
a  whole,  to  distribute  their 
grain  more  widely  than  the 
farmers'  elevators  and  to  make 
less  use  of  the  larger  primary 
markets. 

The   markets   used   by  the 
two    groups    for   shipments   of 
corn  and  oats   from  these  se- 
lected sections  are  indicated  in  general  in  Tables  4  and  5.   It  will  be 
noted  that  a?  compared  with  privately  owned  elevators,  the  farmers' 


WESTERN 


FIG.  9. — CHANGES  IN  WHEAT  SHIPMENTS 
BY  IDENTICAL  ELEVATORS  TO  IMPORTANT 
MARKETS  BY  YEARS,  1923-24  TO  1925-26 
The  outstanding  changes  in  wheat 
destinations  during  the  three  years  1923- 
24  to  1925-26  were  the  decrease  in  ship- 
ments to  Chicago  and  the  increase  in 
shipments  to  St.  Louis  from  the  highly 
competitive  area  in  central  and  southern 
Illinois. 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN 


91 


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BULLETIN  No.  315 


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1928]  MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN  93 

elevators  consistently  shipped  a  larger  proportion  of  their  corn  to  St. 
Louis  and  southern  points  and  a  smaller  proportion  to  Indiana  and 
other  states  east  of  Illinois.  Neither  group  consistently  led  the  other 
in  shipments  to  Chicago  or  other  Illinois  points. 

In  the  case  of  oats  no  uniform  tendency  for  either  class  of  ele- 
vator to  use  any  of  these  groups  of  markets  more  commonly  than  the 
other  is  to  be  noted. 

In  the  case  of  wheat  shipments,  there  were  not  sufficient  differ- 
ences in  destinations  used  to  warrant  the  use  of  a  table  to  show  them 
in  detail. 

CHANGES  IN  MARKETS  BETWEEN  1912-1917  AND  1923-1926 

In  1917  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  made  the  most  complete 
survey  of  the  grain  trade  that  has  yet  been  made  in  the  United  States. 
Comprehensive  information  was  obtained  from  country  elevators  for 
a  large  number  of  points,  including  markets  used  for  grain  for  each 
year  from  1912-13  to  1916-17.  At  the  request  of  the  Illinois  Station, 
the  Bureau  of  Agricultural  Economics,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, retabulated  the  results  reported  to  the  Federal  Trade  Commis- 
sion by  the  Illinois  elevators.  A  summary  was  furnished  to  the  Station 
for  the  belt  of  counties  across  the  center  of  Illinois,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
10,  extending  from  Henderson,  Knox,  Livingston,  and  Iroquois  counties 
on  the  north,  to  Hancock,  Scott,  Christian  and  Edgar  counties  on  the 
south.  The  markets  used  for  grain  from  reporting  elevators  were  dis- 
tributed each  year  as  shown  in  Tables  6,  7,  and  8. 

From  this  area  grain  is  now  shipped  to  many  markets,  and  the 
same  was  true  in  the  earlier  period.  Some  significant  changes  have 
taken  place  in  distribution,  however.  The  most  important  of  these 
are:  (1)  the  decline  in  relative  importance  of  Chicago  and  eastern 
markets  as  destinations  for  both  corn  and  oats,  (2)  the  growth  of 
Decatur  as  a  market  for  corn,  and  (3)  the  growth  of  St.  Louis  and  the 
southern  points  as  markets  for  oats.  Presumably  the  belt  in  question 
has  been  subject  to  more  change  than  areas  north  of  it,  largely  as  a 
result  of  the  more  northerly  reach  of  the  demand  for  oats  from  the 
South  expressed  thru  St.  Louis,  Indianapolis,  and  otherwise,  and  as  a 
result  of  the  growth  of  Decatur  and  other  corn-milling  points  in  this 
belt. 

Corn.  Chicago  and  Peoria  were  the  two  most  important  markets 
for  reported  shipments  during  this  earlier  period.  Markets  of  lesser 
importance  were  St.  Louis,  Indianapolis,  and  southern  points.  Of  still 
less  importance  were  Decatur,  111.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  points  in  Ohio 
and  Michigan. 

The  twro  sets  of  figures  are  not  for  identical  elevators.  A  com- 
parison of  the  two  series,  however,  will  at  least  suggest,  even  if  it  does 
not  definitely  measure,  the  changes  that  have  taken  place.  The  pro- 


94 


BULLETIN  No.  315 


[September, 


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1928}  MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN  95 

portion  of  reported  shipments  of  corn  to  different  markets  for  the  two 
periods  were  as  follows: 

1912-1917   1923-1926  1912-1917   1923-1926 

percent         percent  percent         percent 

Chicago 38  23         Other  Illinois 

points w  3 

Peoria 19  16        Southern  points ...  7  4 

Indianapolis 12  14        Other  Indiana, 

Ohio,  and  Mich- 
igan points 6  5 

St.  Louis 10  11         Eastern  points ....  3  w 

Decatur 4  22         Points  in  states 

north  and  west. .  (1>  (1> 

1Less  than  1  percent. 

Some  important  changes  are  to  be  noted.  The  decline  in  shipments 
to  Chicago,  the  increase  in  shipments  to  Decatur,  and  the  declines  in 
the  comparatively  small  shipments  to  southern  and  eastern  points  are 
marked.  The  indicated  decline  to  southern  markets  may  be  due  to 
greater  uses  of  intermediate  markets  or  to  an  actual  decline  in  con- 
sumption of  corn  in  that  region. 

Oats.  The  disposal  of  oats  has  changed  even  more  strikingly.  In 
the  earlier  period  Chicago  was  reported  as  the  market  for  over  50  per- 
cent of  the  shipments  while  in  the  later  period  for  but  one-sixth.  This 
decline  has  been  offset  by  increases  in  shipment  to  St.  Louis,  Indian- 
apolis, Decatur,  and  to  the  south.  Shipments  to  Peoria  and  to  Lake 
Erie  ports  and  points  farther  east  declined.  Cairo  was  of  about  equal 
importance  during  both  periods  in  spite  of  a  considerable  increase  in 
shipments  to  all  southern  points. 

These  changes  indicate  a  shift  in  the  market  for  the  oats  of  this 
competitive  territory  of  central  Illinois,  the  South  having  gained  at 
the  expense  of  the  East.  The  explanation  is  the  decline  in  the  con- 
sumption of  oats  in  the  East  which  is  due  to  substitution  of  motor  for 
horse  power. 

Comparative  oats  figures  for  the  two  periods  were  as  follows: 

1912-1917    1923-1926  1912-1917    1923-1926 

percent          percent  percent          percent 
Chicago 51                  17         Ohio  and  Michi- 
gan points 4  2 

Peoria 13  7         Memphis 1  0 

Cairo 11  11         Other  southern 

points '1  '•> 

St.  Louis 8  23         Eastern  points .... 

Indianapolis 6  11         Decatur 6 

Other  Indiana  Other  Illinois 

points 2  9  points 

Points  in  states 

north  and  west .  . 
'Less  than  1  percent. 


96 


BULLETIN  No.  315 


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192S]  MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN  97 

Wheat.  The  principal  market  for  wheat  shipped  from  this  area 
during  the  earlier  period  was  Chicago,  with  St.  Louis  next  in  im- 
portance, and  Indianapolis  and  Pcoria  of  minor  importance.  From 
1912  to  1915  small  direct  shipments  to  Atlantic  ports  were  reported. 
The  relative  importance  of  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  fluctuated  from 
year  to  year,  Chicago  declining  and  St.  Louis  increasing  in  importance 
in  1912,  1915,  and  1916.  This  indicates  that  the  highly  competitive 
condition  which  continues  to  exist  at  the  present  time,  causing  a 
similar  shift  in  1925.  has  long  existed.  Xo  important  changes  seem  to 
have  taken  place  since  1917  except  a  slight  increase  in  shipments  to 
Illinois  mills  and  a  marked  decrease  in  direct  eastern  shipments.  The 
distribution  of  wheat  for  each  period  follows: 

1912-1917    1923-1926  1912-1917    1923-1926 

percent         percent 
Chicago 70  64         Other  Illinois 

points 

St.  Louis 21  23         Other  Indiana 

points 

Indianapolis 3  3         Points  east  of 

Indiana 2  <D 

Illinois  mills (1)  4         Points  south  of 

Ohio 1  1 

'Less  than  1  percent. 

Changes  in  Markets  on  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  In  the  handling 
of  grain  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  serves  central  Illinois  east  of  the 
Illinois  river  more  completely  than  any  other  railroad.  It  has  lines  to 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Indianapolis,  Peoria,  and  Decatur  and  also  into 
the  southern  territory  that  uses  large  quantities  of  Illinois  oats. 

The  changes  in  destinations  between  the  two  points  for  elevators 
located  on  this  system  were  the  same  as  for  the  area  as  a  whole.  Chi- 
cago and  the  South  declined  in  importance  as  a  market  for  corn  while 
Decatur  increased  strikingly.  Shipments  of  oats  to  St.  Louis.  Indian- 
apolis, and  to  Memphis,  Nashville  and  other  southern  points  mcrca-rd. 
while  shipments  to  Chicago,  to  Cairo,  and  to  the  east  declined.  During 
both  periods  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  divided  the  wheat,  the  percentage 
varying  from  year  to  year. 


98  BULLETIN  No.  315  [September, 

SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSIONS 

The  corn,  oats,  and  wheat  marketed  in  Illinois  moves  to  many 
points  in  response  to  forces  of  market  gravitation. 

This  study  is  based  on  records  showing  destinations  of  grain 
shipped  from  350  elevators  from  July,  1923,  to  June,  1925,  and  from 
about  175  elevators  from  July,  1925,  to  June,  1926.  The  outstanding 
things  revealed  are:  a  large  number  of  important  markets,  a  varying 
importance  of  these  markets  for  shipments  from  various  parts  of  the 
state,  and  shifts  in  relative  importance  indicated  in  some  areas  from 
year  to  year.  Two  major  channels  are  shown  for  the  movement  of 
corn,  one  to  the  north  and  east,  largely  tho  not  entirely  thru  Chicago, 
and  one  to  local  milling  cities.  An  outlet  of  less  importance  was  to- 
ward the  south.  Two  important  movements  of  oats  are  indicated,  one 
to  the  north  and  east,  largely  thru  Chicago,  the  other  to  the  south  in 
part  direct  and  in  part  thru  intermediate  markets  of  which  St.  Louis 
is  most  important.  Hard  wheat  went  chiefly  to  Chicago,  while  soft 
wheat  moved  toward  the  south. 

From  the  northern  part  of  the  state  Chicago  was  the  leading 
market,  from  the  southern,  St.  Louis,  and  from  the  western,  Peoria. 
Over  large  areas,  conditions  are  indicated  to  be  quite  competitive. 

The  chief  factors  explaining  this  distribution  are  freight  rates  and 
the  outlets  of  the  various  markets.  One  outstanding  feature  of  the 
grain  rate  structure  is  the  very  large  area  in  the  heavy  grain  market- 
ing districts  which  has  a  uniform  rate  to  Chicago.  Another  is  the 
large  area  in  the  central  part  of  the  state  where  rates  are  competitive 
between  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  as  well  as  between  smaller  markets, 
including  Indianapolis.  While  competitive  conditions  exist  thruout 
the  state,  except  in  the  territory  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  a  mar- 
ket, competition  is  particularly  keen  in  the  central  district.  The  effect 
is  to  make  market  outlets  highly  dynamic.  Small  fractions  of  a  cent 
turn  the  direction  of  the  movement  at  many  points.  This  tendency  is 
more  pronounced  in  the  southern  than  in  the  northern  portion  of  the 
state. 

Chicago,  being  located  on  Lake  Michigan,  has  some  advantage  in 
shipping  to  the  east.  From  1923  to  1926  about  two-thirds  of  the  wheat, 
one-third  of  the  corn,  and  slightly  less  than  one-fifth  of  the  oats  ship- 
ments were  routed  over  the  lake.  These  quantities  are  much  larger 
than  those  that  were  moved  by  the  Mississippi  Barge  Line  south  from 
St.  Louis  and  Cairo  to  New  Orleans. 

The  post-war  distribution  of  grain  from  local  shipping  points  has 
been  compared  with  the  pre-war  distribution  for  a  belt  of  counties 
across  the  center  of  the  state.  From  this  area  corn  shipments  sho\v  in- 
creased tendency  to  go  to  Decatur  and  oats  shipments  to  St.  Louis 
and  southern  points.  Corresponding  declines  in  the  relative  drawing 


MARKET  DESTINATIONS  OF  ILLINOIS  GRAIN  99 

power  of  Chicago  are  to  be  noted.  The  change  in  the  position  of  Chi- 
cago was  greatest  in  the  case  of  oats,  where  the  decline  was  from  51 
to  17  percent,  compared  with  from  38  to  23  percent  for  corn  and  from 
70  to  64  percent  for  wheat.  This  reflects  declining  demands  for  oats 
as  horse  feed  in  eastern  cities. 

Both  farmers'  and  privately  owned  elevators  used  a  wide  variety 
of  markets,  and  there  were  no  very  marked  differences  in  them  in  this 
respect.  There  was  some  tendency  for  the  privately  owned  elevators 
to  distribute  their  shipments  of  corn  more  widely  and  to  use  large 
primary  markets  less  than  did  the  farmers'  elevators. 

The  near-monopoly  of  Chicago  as  the  outlet  for  grain  shipped 
from  the  northern  counties  is  more  extensive  and  complete  than  the 
near-monopoly  of  St.  Louis  and  of  Indianapolis  in  the  areas  lying 
nearest  to  those  markets.  Elsewhere,  however,  competition  among 
these  and  other  markets  is  plainly  written  on  the  face  of  the  returns 
examined  in  this  study.  Into  the  midst  of  these  competitive  areas, 
more  or  less  local  markets  have  thrust  themselves,  some  of  them  be- 
coming, as  Peoria  in  earlier  years  and  as  Decatur  more  recently, 
highly  important  as  grain  manufacturing  and  consuming  centers. 


APPENDIX 

In.  the  following  tables  detailed  data  are  presented  showing  the  distribution 
of  shipments  of  corn,  oats,  and  wheat  from  the  reporting  elevators  for  the  three 
years  beginning  July,  1923.  By  referring  to  these  tables  it  will  be  possible  for 
anyone  to  learn  the  distribution  of  grain  from  his  particular  locality.  The  eleva- 
tors are  grouped  first  by  districts  of  the  state,  as  described  on  page  68,  and  then 
further  classified  according  to  railroad  lines,  stations  between  well-known  points 
being  grouped  together.  The  railroad  classification  has  been  adopted  in  prefer- 
ence to  a  county  classification  because  even  within  such  a  small  area  as  a  county 
railroad  connections  may  cause  variations  in  the  markets  used. 

Instead  of  reporting  the  number  of  cars  shipped  to  each  market,  only  the 
total  number  of  cars  and  the  proportion  going  to  each  market  is  given,  the  per- 
centages being  much  more  readily  comparable  than  figures  showing  the  absolute 
number  of  cars. 

When  an  elevator  shipped  over  two  railroads,  its  shipments  were  included 
under  both.  This  accounts  for  certain  apparent  discrepancies.  For  example, 
shipments  to  Indianapolis  from  railroads  with  unfavorable  rates  or  connections 
to  that  point  are  explained  by  the  inclusion  of  grain  from  points  which  also  had 
connections  over  a  direct  line  to  Indianapolis. 

The  destinations  here  given  are  as  near  to  the  point  where  the  grain  WHS 
unloaded  as  was  possible  to  determine  from  the  records.  In  general,  they  rep- 
resent the  first  market  to  which  the  grain  moved. 

The  terms  "northern,"  "central,"  "southern,"  and  "western,"  used  to  drscribr 
certain  railroads  in  the  Appendix  tables,  merely  indicate  the  locations  of  the 
lines  in  Illinois. 


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